CSaR Monthly Magazine of CUTM
India is no stranger to the challenges posed by droughts, which have been occurring with increasing frequency and intensity in recent years due to climate change and variability. Droughts severely impact agricultural productivity, food security, and rural livelihoods, making it imperative for Indian farmers to […]
AgricultureIntroduction As the monsoon clouds gather and the heavens open up, a dance of life begins in the fields of India. The monsoon season, with its life-giving rains, lays the foundation for a crucial agricultural practice – rice cultivation. For centuries, rice has been the […]
AgricultureAgricultural engineering plays a crucial role in revolutionizing traditional farming practices into efficient, sustainable, and technologically advanced systems. As an undergraduate agricultural engineering student, I am excited to explore the topic of modernization in agriculture during the summer season. This article aims to delve into […]
Agriculture Non-FictionIntroduction: The pages of history often glorify the tales of well-known freedom fighters who bravely challenged the oppressive British regime. However, amidst the spotlight, lie the unsung heroes of India, whose courage, sacrifices, and unwavering spirit played an equally significant role in India’s fight for […]
ArticleIntroduction:
The pages of history often glorify the tales of well-known freedom fighters who bravely challenged the oppressive British regime. However, amidst the spotlight, lie the unsung heroes of India, whose courage, sacrifices, and unwavering spirit played an equally significant role in India’s fight for independence. These forgotten warriors, hailing from the heartland of Odisha, exemplify the indomitable spirit that courses through the veins of the land. Their stories are a testament to the power of determination, resilience, and the unbreakable bond between a people and their homeland.
Narayan Birabar Samanta, known as ‘Kujanga Gandhi,’ was born in 1900 and adopted by his uncle. Inspired by Mahatma Gandhi, he left college to join the freedom movement, focusing on Kujang and surrounding areas. He married Ratnamali Jema, participated in Salt Satyagraha and Harijan movement, and later engaged in Quit India movement. He authored ‘Kujang Chitra,’ served as an MLA and Deputy Speaker, and passed away at 99 in 1999 after contributing significantly to India’s struggle for independence and social issues.
Madhab Singh Bariha, also known as Madho Singh, was the steadfast Binjhal Zamindar overseeing Ghess locality in Bargarh district, Odisha. An unwavering ally of Veer Surendra Sai, he etched his name in history by fiercely resisting the British East India Company during the Sambalpur uprising. At 72 years old, he met a tragic end on December 31, 1858, hanged at Jail Chowk in Sambalpur for his fearless and heroic resistance against the British’s oppressive policies. Three of his sons met martyrdom, and his eldest was sentenced to life imprisonment. In a heart-wrenching turn, his granddaughter Purnima committed suicide after her rebellious husband was hanged by the British in Raipur’s Sonakhan Zamindari. Madhab Singh Bariha’s legacy remains an enduring symbol of courage and defiance, inspiring generations to embrace the flames of liberty and justice.
During the fervent struggle for freedom, even tribal youth were impassioned against the oppressive British rule. Poya Bahini, alongside fellow freedom fighter Tama Dora, emerged as exemplars of courage among adivasis. Their resolute armed resistance compelled the British to retreat momentarily. In the Jaipur province under Madras Presidency, they valiantly attacked British officers in Badidhas village, displaying remarkable bravery. Despite facing overwhelming odds, Poya Bahini and her followers refused to surrender, ultimately meeting a tragic end at the hands of the British forces. Her unwavering sacrifice remains a testament to her unyielding commitment to the cause of independence.
Conclusion:
As we traverse the corridors of history, it is imperative to shed light on the often-overshadowed narratives of unsung heroes. The stories of another Baji Rout, Laxman Naik, Veer Surendra Sai, and Rani Maa Suryamani exemplify the spirit of Odisha – a spirit that refuses to be subjugated, a spirit that fights against all odds, and a spirit that reverberates through the ages. These forgotten freedom fighters not only shaped the destiny of their land but also continue to inspire generations to rise above challenges and fight for a better tomorrow. It is our duty to remember, honor and draw strength from their courage as we march forward, keeping their legacy alive in our hearts and in the annals of history.
Written by Biswajit Parida, 2nd Year
In the penumbrous embrace of an August evening in 1947, an undeniably palpable amalgamation of hope, trepidation, and fervor permeated the sprawling expanse of the Indian subcontinent. This epoch was one wherein discourses were infused with an electric anticipation, and the very ether seemed to […]
Cover StoriesIn the penumbrous embrace of an August evening in 1947, an undeniably palpable amalgamation of hope, trepidation, and fervor permeated the sprawling expanse of the Indian subcontinent. This epoch was one wherein discourses were infused with an electric anticipation, and the very ether seemed to be infused with the gravitas of a nation teetering on the precipice of an epochal paradigm shift. In a rustic hamlet ensconced amidst the undulating tapestry of fields and trees, a convocation of youthful compatriots, including a juvenile denizen by the name of Rajendra, convened around a flickering pyre. The gentle luminosity cast by the incandescent blaze imbued their countenances with alternating chiaroscuro, accentuating the profundity of the narratives imparted. The mellow timbre of Rajendra’s paternal grandfather, his voice imbued with the patina of experience and time, commenced to elucidate chronicles wherein the protagonists transcended the realm of mere legendry to embody the corporeal essence of those who had inscribed their resolve indelibly upon the annals of history. With each syllable enunciated, the narratives seemed to attain a sentient vitality of their own, transmuting into visceral odysseys. The ordeals of Mahatma Gandhi and his doctrine of nonviolent resistance metamorphosed from theoretical concepts into narratives teeming with corporeal endeavor, exemplifying individuals who stood unwavering amidst the maelstrom of adversity, bearing the scourge of truncheons and confinement within prison cells. The impassioned declamations of Jawaharlal Nehru ceased to be remote echelons of rhetoric; instead, they manifested as sonorous resonances reverberating through the thoroughfares, coalescing people from diverse strata of society under the aegis of a solitary banner—the banner of emancipation. As the nocturnal mantle deepened, the pyre’s effulgent interplay cast entrancing interplays and shadows upon the visages of the engrossed acolytes, anointing the anecdotes with a patina of realism. The tales pulsated with a raw authenticity, laying bare the visceral character of the sacrifices made, the ambivalence and qualms that permeated the minds of those audacious enough to challenge the status quo. The canvas of the struggle for sovereignty was no mere abstract tableau; rather, it unfurled as a mosaic interwoven with the threads of genuine emotions, authentic tribulations, and bona fide triumphs. The denouement arrived with the advent of August 15, 1947—an epochal juncture not relegated to the status of a remote antiquarian curiosity but a tangible milestone that indelibly imprinted its essence onto the very fabric of the nation. Rajendra and his compatriots, now burgeoning into adulthood, stood resolutely amid a sea of countenances, their cardiac cadence elevated in synchrony with the ascension of the tricolor ensign, an emblematic omen of an incipient era. The atmosphere pulsated with an intoxicating amalgamation of jubilation and gravity, encapsulating the fruition of a reverie nurtured through years of relentless struggle and unyielding sacrifice. In the subsequent years, India’s trajectory as an autonomous polity burgeoned into an intricately woven tapestry, animated by the verve of its populace. The anecdotes shared by Rajendra’s venerable grandfather metamorphosed beyond their didactic role to serve as a compass, providing guidance through the labyrinthine intricacies of nation-building. The virtues of indefatigable fortitude, dauntless valor, and unwavering solidarity ceased to be esoteric ideals, instead materializing as palpable embodiments of a populace that had surmounted adversities, navigated ambiguities, and emerged emboldened on the other side. Thus, the chronicle of India’s emancipation reverberates—no longer relegated to the realm of historical relic, but rather an inimitable chronicle that transcends temporal bounds. It constitutes an enduring testament to the indomitable spirit of a nation, beckoning forth each successive generation to cognize the tribulations of their progenitors, derive inspiration from their unyielding mettle, and stride forward armed with a rejuvenated sense of purpose, inextricably anchored in the veracity of the past and galvanized by the promise of an ennobled future.
Written by Amitabha Bandyopadhyay, B.sc Ag 4th Year
Abstract Embarking upon an intellectual expedition into the annals of history, we are compelled to traverse the nebulous corridors of time to unearth a facet of India’s struggle for freedom that has languished in the recesses of historical obscurity. Beyond the luminous pantheon of celebrated […]
ArticleAbstract
Embarking upon an intellectual expedition into the annals of history, we are compelled to traverse the nebulous corridors of time to unearth a facet of India’s struggle for freedom that has languished in the recesses of historical obscurity. Beyond the luminous pantheon of celebrated leaders and iconic figures, there exists an elusive constellation of lesser-known Indian freedom fighters whose contributions, though obscured by the passage of time, have indelibly enriched the tapestry of India’s relentless quest for sovereignty. This exploration delves into the lives, endeavors, and enduring legacies of these unsung sentinels who, against the backdrop of a colonial epoch, stood resolutely as beacons of resistance and resilience, their indomitable spirits illuminating the path towards a liberated India. In delving into the nuanced narratives of these overlooked champions, we unravel a mosaic of diverse struggles, profound sacrifices, and steadfast commitments that have remained concealed within the labyrinthine corridors of history. As we endeavor to shed light upon these obscured luminaries, we unearth a collective narrative that transcends temporal confines, beckoning us to reevaluate our historical consciousness and recognize the pivotal roles played by these enigmatic figures in shaping the destiny of a nation on the cusp of transformation.
Introduction
The trajectory towards India’s emancipation from colonial yokes transcends the sanctified narratives that adorn historiographical pedestals, entwining with it an intricate tapestry of lesser-known luminaries whose contributions have languished in the dimly lit recesses of historical amnesia. This article embarks on an intellectual odyssey to unearth a mosaic of esoteric champions whose recondite valor is inextricably interwoven with the warp and weft of the nation’s arduous pursuit of self-sovereignty.Hailing from diverse geographic topographies and sired by varying sociocultural substrata, these unsung vanguards incarnate audacity, resilience, and zealous dedication toward India’s sacrosanct struggle. In this labyrinthine expedition, we encounter Matangini Hazra of Bengal, a paragon of resolve who defiantly confronted bullets during the tempestuous maelstrom of the Quit India Movement. This cerebral sojourn meanders further to unearth Veer Surendra Sai, an icon of obstinate resistance, embodying Odisha’s indomitable spirit against imperial tyranny.The exegesis navigates through the obscure narratives of these enigmatic stalwarts, meticulously unfurling their sagas while exalting the ineffable ethos etched into their legacy. Kanaklata Barua’s resolute stance against onerous taxation and U Tirot Singh’s gallant protection of tribal realms burgeon into allegorical testimonies of unwavering commitment. These unsung protagonists, cast aside in historical insignificance, collectively orchestrate a symphony of fortitude and unwavering allegiance to the liberation narrative.This discourse, a commemoration of arcane chronicles, vouches to ennoble the sanctity of these anonymous paladins, commemorating their martyrdom with an aura of reverence. It underscores a poignant epiphany, recalibrating our comprehension of the emancipation saga, and urging us to assimilate the cryptic nuances that coalesce into the evanescent chiaroscuro shaping India’s epochal emancipation. This elucidation serves as a clarion call, entreating us to expand our cognitive horizons, absorbing the heterogeneous narratives that harmoniously reverberate, encapsulating the collective fervor that converged toward India’s resplendent dawn.
Name | Region | Contribution | Key Achievements | Legacy and Impact |
Matangini Hazra | Bengal | Gandhian activist | Martyred during Quit India Movement | Symbol of women’s courage in the freedom struggle |
Kanaklata Barua | Assam | Anti-tax protest | Led Tezpur Revolt against British-imposed taxes. | An inspiration for resisting economic oppression. |
U Tirot Singh | Meghalaya | Khasi leader, rebellion | Fought against British annexation of Khasi territories. | Symbol of tribal resistance |
Bahadur Shah Zafar II | Delhi | Poet and leader | Led the Indian Rebellion of 1857 | A symbol of unity and defiance against colonial rule |
Ram Prasad Bismil | Uttar Pradesh | Revolutionary | Participated in Kakori train robbery and HSRA. | Icon of revolutionary spirit |
Matiur Rahman | Assam | Assam Agitation | Led Assam Movement against illegal immigrants. | Fought for regional identity and cultural preservation. |
Rani Avantibai | Madhya Pradesh | Queen, leader of rebellion | Led revolt against British rule in Ramgarh. | Inspiring figure of women’s leadership |
Begum Hazrat Mahal | Uttar Pradesh | Leader of 1857 revolt | Led resistance against British in Lucknow | Key figure in the 1857 uprising |
Bhagat Singh | Punjab | Revolutionary | Executed for his role in HSRA and Lahore conspiracy. | Embodied youth’s spirit of sacrifice |
Gour Hari Das | Odisha | Civil rights activist | Fought against the issuance of a fake freedom fighter certificate. | Advocated for the rights of forgotten heroes. |
Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay | National | Social reformer, freedom activist | Advocated for women’s rights, rural development. | Pioneer of women’s empowerment |
Thakur Roshan Singh | Bihar | Freedom fighter | Led the Rajendra Kisan Sabha movement. | Championed the rights of peasants and laborers. |
Babu Kunwar Singh | Bihar | Freedom fighter | Participated in 1857 revolt, fought British forces | Notable leader in the 1857 uprising |
Bhikaiji Cama | Maharashtra | International activist | Designed the Indian Nationalist Flag, international advocate | Pioneered feminist and international activism |
Chittaranjan Das | Bengal | Political leader | Fought for Indian self-rule, leader of Swaraj Party | A key figure in the Indian Nationalist Movement |
Birsa Munda | Jharkhand | Tribal leader, rebellion | Led Ulgulan movement against exploitative landlords | Paved way for indigenous rights |
Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan | North-West | Nonviolent Pashtun leader | Led the Khilafat Movement, emphasized nonviolence | Promoted unity and nonviolent resistance |
Durgabai Deshmukh | Andhra Pradesh | Social reformer, women’s rights advocate | Founded Andhra Mahila Sabha, fought for women’s rights | Advocate for gender equality and social justice |
Govind Guru | Rajasthan | Freedom fighter | Led tribal revolts against British rule | Symbol of tribal resistance |
Jayee Rajguru | Odisha | Freedom fighter | Executed for his role in the Paika Rebellion | Symbol of Odia resistance against the British |
Lakshmi Sahgal | National | Freedom fighter, women’s rights advocat | Commander of Rani of Jhansi Regiment in INA | Championed women’s roles in the armed struggle |
Pritilata Waddedar | Bengal | Revolutionary | Led attack on Pahartali European Club in Chittagong | Inspired female participation in the freedom struggle |
Rani Gaidinliu | Nagaland | Political and spiritual leader | Fought against British rule, opposed Patta system | Symbolized Naga resistance and cultural revival |
Sohan Singh Bhakna | Punjab | Labor leader | Co-founded Ghadar Party, championed workers’ rights | Advocate for labor rights and Indian independence |
Usha Mehta | Gujarat | Independence activist | Founded Congress Radio, contributed to Quit India Movement | Used media to mobilize the masses |
Veerapandiya Kattabomman | Tamil Nadu | Rebel chieftain | Led against East India Company rule in Panchalankurichi | Symbol of regional resistance |
Baji Rout | Odisha | Young freedom fighter | Martyred while attempting to sabotage British convoy | Symbol of youth’s sacrifice for freedom |
Kittur Rani Chennamma | Karnataka | Queen, leader of resistance | Fought against British in the Kingdom of Kittur | Pioneering figure in India’s early freedom struggle |
Lala Lajpat Rai | Punjab | Nationalist leader | Fought against Simon Commission, contributed to HSRA | Advocated for self-rule and Indian nationalism |
Mool Chand Chauhan | Bihar | Land reform activist | Led the Kisan Sabha movement against zamindars | Advocate for the rights of rural farmers |
Raghunath Mohapatra | Odisha | Artist, cultural preservation | Worked to revive traditional Odia arts and craftsmanship | Preserved cultural heritage through art |
Sardar Ajit Singh | Punjab | Political leader | Influenced the Ghadar Movement, advocated for Indian rights | Paved the way for the Ghadar movement |
Subramania Siva | Tamil Nadu | Revolutionary | Fought against British imperialism, founded Bharathi Ashram | Influenced the fight against colonialism |
Swami Sahajanand Saraswati | Bihar | Peasant leader, social reformer | Led Bihar Kisan Sabha, worked for peasants’ rights | Pioneer of peasant mobilization and agrarian reforms |
Potti Sreeramulu | Andhra Pradesh | Hunger striker for statehood | Fasted to death for the creation of Andhra Pradesh | Sacrificed life for linguistic and regional rights |
Ram Singh | Punjab | Leader of Namdhari Movement | Advocated social reforms, fought against British rule | Fought for social justice and religious freedom |
Rani Padmini | Manipur | Anti-forced labor activist | Led protests against forced labor, challenged British authorities | Symbol of localized resistance against exploitation |
Thakur Pheru Singh | Uttar Pradesh | Land reform activist | Led movement for land redistribution | Advocate for peasants’ land rights |
Thevarparampil Kunjachan | Kerala | Social reformer, community leader | Fought against untouchability, promoted education | Pioneered social reforms in Kerala |
Tantia Tope | Madhya Pradesh | Freedom fighter, strategist | Led forces in 1857 revolt, orchestrated military campaigns | Played a significant role in the 1857 uprising |
Veer Surendra Sai | Odisha | Tribal leader, rebellion | Fought against British in Sambalpur | Symbol of tribal resistance |
Velu Nachiyar | Tamil Nadu | Queen, military leader | Led a rebellion against British forces in Sivaganga | Pioneering woman warrior in the freedom movement |
Khudiram Bose | Bengal | Revolutionary | Youngest freedom fighter to be executed by the British | Symbol of youthful bravery and sacrifice |
Lakshmibai Kori | Chhattisgarh | Tribal leader, rebellion | Fought against oppressive zamindars and British rule | Symbolized tribal resistance and land rights |
Jatindra Nath Das | Bengal | Revolutionary, hunger striker | Died in prison after a 63-day hunger strike | Inspired other hunger strikes and freedom fighters |
Jogendra Nath Mandal | Bengal | Dalit leader | Fought for Dalit rights, supported Poona Pact | Advocate for Dalit rights and social equality |
Kamaladevi Arama | Andhra Pradesh | Independence activist | Supported Indian National Congress, civil rights work | Pioneered women’s involvement in the freedom struggle |
Konda Venkatappaiah | Andhra Pradesh | Communist revolutionary | Led the Telangana Armed Struggle | Prominent leader in the Telangana Peasant Movement |
Lakshmi Bai Holkar | Madhya Pradesh | Queen, military leader | Led troops against British forces in Maratha Empire | Respected figure in Maratha history and resistance |
Maqbool Bhat | Kashmir | Kashmiri nationalist | Co-founded Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front | Inspired Kashmiri separatist movement |
Maniram Dewan | Assam | Social reformer, revolutionary | Fought against British rule in Assam | Prominent leader in the Assam Tea and Indigo Plantation Movement |
Muthuramalinga Thevar | Tamil Nadu | Social reformer, political leader | Fought for social justice and equality | Championed rights of marginalized communities |
Raja Gopala Krishna Gokhale | Maharashtra | Social reformer, political leader | Fought for civil rights, advocated education | Influential in India’s social and political reform |
Rajkumar Shukla | Bihar | Peasant leader | Influenced Mahatma Gandhi’s Champaran Satyagraha | Catalyst for Gandhi’s involvement in Indian peasant struggles |
Rani Channamma | Karnataka | Queen, freedom fighter | Fought against British rule in Kittur | Symbol of women’s resistance in South India |
Sachindra Bakshi | Bengal | Revolutionary, freedom fighter | Fought against British rule in Bengal | Notable participant in the armed struggle |
Sagarmal Gopa | Rajasthan | Freedom fighter | Fought against feudal oppression | Symbol of resistance against feudal landlords |
Sam Manekshaw | National | Military leader | Led Indian forces to victory in 1971 Indo-Pak War | Respected military leader and national hero |
Shantabai Dani | Maharashtra | Social reformer, women’s rights advocate | Fought for women’s education and rights | Advocate for women’s empowerment and education |
Siddhartha Shankar Ray | West Bengal | Political leader | Fought against British rule, prominent politician | Played key role in Indian politics and governance |
Sido Murmu and Kanhu Murmu | Jharkhand | Tribal leaders, rebellion | Led Santhal Rebellion against British rule | Symbol of tribal resistance and autonomy |
Surya Sen | Bengal | Revolutionary | Led the Chittagong Armoury Raid | Inspired young revolutionaries in Bengal |
Surendranath Banerjee | Bengal | Political leader | Founded Indian National Association, fought for reforms | Played key role in early Indian nationalism |
Swami Sahajanand Saraswati | Bihar | Peasant leader, social reformer | Led Bihar Kisan Sabha, worked for peasants’ rights | Pioneer of peasant mobilization and agrarian reforms |
Tika Ram Puri | Himachal Pradesh | Independence activist | Fought against British rule in Himachal Pradesh | Symbol of Himachal’s contribution to freedom struggle |
Tirupur Kumaran | Tamil Nadu | Independence activist | Led protests against British salt tax | Sacrificed life in the fight for Indian independence |
Tulsiram Silawat | Madhya Pradesh | Social reformer, Dalit activist | Fought for Dalit rights and social equality | Advocate for marginalized communities |
Uyyalawada Narasimha Reddy | Andhra Pradesh | Leader of rebellion | Led the Palnadu Rebellion against British rule | Symbol of regional resistance and leadership |
Veeran Sundaralingam | Tamil Nadu | Anti-British activist | Led rebellion against British rule in Tamil Nadu | Symbol of Tamil resistance against colonialism |
Table shows Name , Region , Contribution, Key Achievements and Legacy and Impact of the most great yet unsung Freedom Fighters of India
Conclusion
In culminating this contemplative discourse upon the paradigm of “Unknown or Lesser-Known Indian Freedom Fighters,” it becomes unequivocally apparent that the historical tessellation of India’s path to liberation is not confined merely to the indelible visages that have been perennially lauded within the pantheon of mainstream historiography. Rather, it is imbued with a quintessential profundity, intricately interwoven with the elusive legacies of those intrepid luminaries whose exploits have been egregiously marginalized, if not entirely expunged, from the collective memory.These unsung sentinels, who traversed the labyrinthine corridors of history with resolute determination, have unveiled a poignant dichotomy – a dichotomy that underscores the multifaceted tapestry of India’s struggle for emancipation, one that comprises not only the clamorous calls of celebrated leaders but also the resounding echoes of those who dared to dissent in the shadows. Their contributions, akin to enigmatic constellations dotting the historical firmament, are emblematic of a variegated symphony of sacrifice, valor, and devotion.From the poignant verses of Matangini Hazra, etched in her unflinching gaze upon the maw of death, to the ethereal resonance of Veer Surendra Sai, whose steadfast resistance cascaded like a torrent against the dominion of imperial despotism, each lesser-known luminary radiates an ineffable aura that enriches the overarching narrative of India’s relentless pursuit of liberty.In conclusion, this illuminating exposition beckons us to transgress the confines of historiographical orthodoxy, to peer beyond the veil of collective amnesia, and to honor the hallowed memory of these concealed warriors who etched their footprints upon the sands of time. Their obfuscated narratives serve as a potent reminder of the profound intricacy inherent within the grand tapestry of India’s liberation struggle. Thus, the relentless ardor of these unsung champions, constituting an indomitable testament to human spirit, evokes a transcendental appreciation that pierces the cloak of anonymity, and stands as a testament to their enduring legacy within the annals of India’s poignant emancipation odyssey.
Written by Amitabha Bandyopadhyay, B.sc Ag 4th Year
Freedom comes like the lost treasure The sweat and blood flow for it have no measure…. We are free and our flag flies in cloud like the lion roars… Our nation pride is in every Indian’s heart core… Gandhiji’s told “In a gentle […]
PoetryFreedom comes like the lost treasure
The sweat and blood flow for it have no measure….
We are free and our flag flies in cloud like the lion roars…
Our nation pride is in every Indian’s heart core…
Gandhiji’s told “In a gentle way you can shake the world….
Yes…15th Aug 1947 brought the taste of independency with glad…
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel ji told…
“There is no place for violence in revolution.
Yes ..that make our country a proud independent nation…..
Nehru ji told “Cast off your laziness.”
Yes, by following this now we are getting the
fragrance of freedom freshness…..
Neta ji told “Give me blood, I will give you freedom..
Yes …that unity and integrity make India a
pride country in wholesome….
Shastri ji told “Jai Jawan, Jai Kishan”
Bravery and greenery is seen in our country in every span..
We will never let the blood of fighters flow easily….
Our hand to hand bond together uplift India peacefully.
Jai Hind…..
Written by Ipsita Sahu, B.sc Ag 4th Year
Embarking upon a fervent and deeply patriotic pilgrimage, I commenced my transformative journey at the bustling Howrah Station in Kolkata, a hub of activity where the cacophony of train announcements and the hurried footsteps of travelers created an electrifying ambiance. Clutching my meticulously arranged train […]
TravelEmbarking upon a fervent and deeply patriotic pilgrimage, I commenced my transformative journey at the bustling Howrah Station in Kolkata, a hub of activity where the cacophony of train announcements and the hurried footsteps of travelers created an electrifying ambiance. Clutching my meticulously arranged train ticket for the Amritsar Mail, a venerable train that had witnessed the stories of countless patriots, I felt a surge of excitement and reverence. The train itself seemed like a time capsule, a vessel that would carry me through the annals of history, retracing the footsteps of those who had dedicated their lives to the cause of our nation’s freedom. As the Amritsar Mail pulled out of Howrah Station, the rhythmic clatter of the wheels became a nostalgic symphony, evoking memories of train journeys from bygone eras. The passing scenery, a panorama of changing landscapes, unfolded outside the window like a series of vivid watercolor paintings. From the fertile plains of West Bengal to the rustic charm of Uttar Pradesh’s villages, each frame was a testament to the diversity and unity that define our nation. The camaraderie among passengers aboard the train mirrored the spirit of unity that our forefathers had championed. Conversations flowed like tributaries, as fellow travelers exchanged stories and anecdotes. The aroma of homemade meals wafted through the air, a fragrant reminder of the myriad flavors that enrich our nation’s culinary tapestry. The train journey became a microcosm of India itself—a vibrant medley of languages, cultures, and traditions converging in a shared voyage. Arriving at Amritsar Junction, the atmosphere was infused with a palpable patriotic energy. The city welcomed me with open arms, its bustling streets alive with the vibrant hues of Punjabi culture. The aroma of freshly prepared chole bhature mingled with the scent of incense from nearby temples, creating a sensory tapestry that was both invigorating and comforting. Finding refuge in a modest guesthouse, I felt a sense of connection to the many pilgrims who had sought shelter within its walls, united by a shared reverence for the city’s history. The pilgrimage to Jallianwala Bagh unfolded like a sacred ritual, with each step along the cobblestone pathways carrying me closer to the heart of our nation’s struggle for freedom. As I entered the hallowed precincts, the memorial stood as a sentinel of remembrance, a solemn tribute to the heroes who had defied oppression. Day by day, the names etched upon its façade seemed to shine brighter, embodying the undying spirit of patriotism that had fueled their sacrifice. Beside the memorial, the well stood as a haunting symbol of the sacrifices made in the pursuit of freedom. Peering into its depths, I could almost hear the echoes of history—the cries of those who had sought refuge within its confines, the resilience of a nation that had weathered the storm of colonial rule. In the evenings, I returned to my guesthouse, where the simplicity of the accommodations provided a stark contrast to the profound experiences of the day. As I lay down to rest, the stories of sacrifice and bravery that I had encountered seemed to weave themselves into the very fabric of my dreams. Each night, I found solace in the knowledge that I was part of an unbroken chain of patriots, connected by a shared dedication to our nation’s ideals. Upon the conclusion of my transformative pilgrimage, I boarded the Amritsar Mail once more, bound for Kolkata. The return journey felt like a poignant reflection—a chance to contemplate the stories of courage and resilience that had unfolded before me. Back at Howrah Station, the familiar sounds and sights felt different, as if I had returned from a journey not only through space but through time—a journey that had left an indelible mark on my soul. In summation, my pilgrimage from Kolkata to Amritsar and back was an immersive dive into the depths of patriotism, an intimate exploration of our nation’s past, present, and future. From the bustling platforms of Howrah Station to the sacred grounds of Jallianwala Bagh, each detail became a brushstroke in the portrait of our nation’s history. Departing from the sanctified precincts of Jallianwala Bagh, I carried with me not only the weight of historical remembrance but a fervent determination to embody the spirit of patriotism in every facet of my life—a commitment to contribute to the realization of a brighter, more equitable future for our beloved nation.
Written by Amitabha Bandyopadhyay, B.sc Ag 4th Year
Amidst the tapestry of temporal tides, Where history’s empyreal symphony abides, There stands the nation, an assemblage grand, Borne on the shoulders of a valiant band. Freedom’s clarion call, a tempestuous roar, Echoes through epochs, forevermore, And in the annals of a storied past, […]
PoetryAmidst the tapestry of temporal tides,
Where history’s empyreal symphony abides,
There stands the nation, an assemblage grand,
Borne on the shoulders of a valiant band.
Freedom’s clarion call, a tempestuous roar,
Echoes through epochs, forevermore,
And in the annals of a storied past,
Reside the names of heroes unsurpassed.
They, gallant sentinels of liberty’s flame,
In the crucible of adversity, staked their claim,
Their sinews interwoven with destiny’s thread,
For lofty ideals, they unceasingly bled.
From the crucible of oppression’s domain,
A phoenix of sovereignty began to attain
, Emerging resplendent from tyranny’s pall,
A nation’s genesis, heroic and tall.
In the crucible of struggle, resolute and stark,
They forged a path through shadows dark,
Their valor inscribed on history’s scroll,
Their legacy, a beacon to extol.
They scaled the ramparts of despot’s hold,
Each heartbeat a rhythm, each tale untold,
With ardor aflame, they sought to ignite,
A symphony of freedom, an unbroken flight.
In hallowed halls where their echoes dwell,
Their sacrifice resounds like a sacred bell,
For the nation’s tapestry, they wove each strand,
Freedom’s architects, a noble brand.
Oh, nation! In your tapestry enshrined,
The names of freedom’s fighters, intertwined,
A testament to courage, resolve, and might,
They kindled hope in liberty’s blinding light.
Let their stories resonate, age after age,
In every line of your storied page,
For they are the keystones, the pillars, the soul,
Whose valor and sacrifice have made you whole.
In valor’s embrace, your freedom fighters stand,
Guiding your destiny with an unwavering hand,
Nation and heroes, entwined in embrace,
A symphony of struggle, a timeless grace.
Written by Amitabha Bandyopadhyay, B.sc Ag 4th Year
The annals of India’s struggle for freedom are graced with the indomitable spirit of Alluri Sita Ramaraju, a valiant warrior who etched his name in history through his unwavering commitment to the cause of liberation. Born on July 4, 1897, in the quaint village of […]
ArticleThe annals of India’s struggle for freedom are graced with the indomitable spirit of Alluri Sita Ramaraju, a valiant warrior who etched his name in history through his unwavering commitment to the cause of liberation. Born on July 4, 1897, in the quaint village of Pandrangi in Andhra Pradesh, Ramaraju’s life story is a testament to the unyielding determination of those who fought against colonial oppression.
Ramaraju’s early life was marked by his exposure to the stark inequalities perpetuated by British rule. Witnessing the exploitation of his fellow countrymen and the erosion of traditional values, he became increasingly resolute to challenge the oppressors. His initial education in a local school provided him with the foundational knowledge that would later serve as a powerful tool in his fight for justice.
The turning point in Ramaraju’s life came with the infamous Jallianwala Bagh massacre in 1919. The brutality of the event, where innocent Indians were mercilessly gunned down by British forces, ignited a fire within him. He realized that passive resistance alone would not suffice; a more assertive approach was required to shake the foundations of British dominance. This event acted as a catalyst, propelling him into the forefront of India’s freedom movement.
Ramaraju’s leadership and vision found a canvas in the “Rampa Rebellion” or the “Rampa Revolt” of 1922-24. This armed uprising was primarily concentrated in the hilly regions of Visakhapatnam, known as the agency areas. Ramaraju passionately believed in the empowerment of the marginalized, and this rebellion was his platform to address the issues plaguing the tribal communities. The British had exploited and oppressed these indigenous groups for their strategic advantage, and Ramaraju’s mission was to restore their rights and dignity.
The rebellion was marked by Ramaraju’s audacious strategies and remarkable guerrilla warfare tactics. His ability to seamlessly merge into the dense forests and mountains of the region made him a formidable adversary. With limited resources, he managed to orchestrate attacks on British establishments, disrupting their authority and challenging their arrogance. His valor and determination inspired countless individuals to join the cause, swelling the ranks of the rebellion.
One of Ramaraju’s most commendable attributes was his inclusive approach. He recognized the importance of unity among diverse groups in the fight against a common oppressor. He transcended barriers of caste and creed, rallying people from all walks of life to join hands in their pursuit of freedom. This vision not only strengthened the rebellion but also laid the foundation for a more egalitarian India in the years to come.
However, like many other noble endeavors, the Rampa Rebellion faced its share of challenges. The British, alarmed by the uprising’s momentum, deployed their military might to suppress the revolt. Ramaraju’s unwavering spirit remained unbroken even in the face of adversity, but the disparity in resources eventually took a toll on the rebellion’s sustainability. Despite the valiant efforts of the rebels, the revolt was quelled by 1924.
The legacy of Alluri Sita Ramaraju lives on, not just in the history books, but also in the hearts of those who recognize the significance of his sacrifice. His unwavering dedication and his fervent belief in India’s potential as a free nation continue to inspire generations. His struggle highlighted the importance of both passive and active resistance, showcasing that the fight for freedom required various shades of courage and commitment.
Today, as India basks in the glory of its hard-won independence, it’s essential to remember and pay tribute to the heroes who paved the way for the nation’s liberation. Alluri Sita Ramaraju’s life epitomizes the essence of the freedom movement—a relentless pursuit of justice, equality, and self-determination. His journey from a small village to the forefront of a rebellion stands as a shining example of what a single determined individual can achieve against all odds.
In commemorating Ramaraju’s life, we honor not just a man, but a spirit—a spirit that refuses to bow before tyranny, a spirit that kindles hope in the hearts of those who dare to dream of a better world. His story reminds us that freedom is not merely a gift; it’s a responsibility that requires vigilance, unity, and an unyielding commitment to upholding the values of justice and equality.
Written by Musalapalli Geetika, B.Tech CSE 2nd Year
Around a year before the tragic incident at Jallianwala Bagh, as World War I was nearing its end, India’s fight for independence was gaining momentum. The flames of resistance had recently burned bright in Bengal, where the entire society had rallied against the partition of […]
Cover StoriesAround a year before the tragic incident at Jallianwala Bagh, as World War I was nearing its end, India’s fight for independence was gaining momentum. The flames of resistance had recently burned bright in Bengal, where the entire society had rallied against the partition of the region. This fiery spirit continued to blaze within people’s hearts. By the year 1918, and amidst this backdrop, a frail widow was transferred from Kashi’s punitive cell to Calcutta’s Presidency Jail, her health hanging by a thread. She faced accusations such as withholding information and obstructing a police officer, with the authorities invoking the provisions of Regulation Number 3 of 1818 to prosecute her.
She endured unspeakable torture under the guise of interrogation, with the authorities subjecting her to relentless suffering day after day. Despite their relentless efforts, the relentless tiger-like determination of this woman prevented the police from extracting any valuable information from her. Do you recognize this resolute individual? This indomitable Bengali widow none other than Nanibala Devi, who earned the distinction of being Bengal’s first female royal prisoner.
Nanibala devi was born in 1888 in Bali, Howrah. Father’s name was Suryakanta Banerjee, mother Giribala Devi. Following the social norms of that time she got married in 1899 at the age of 11. Nanibala lost her husband in 1904 after five years of marriage. After that she did not find a place in-law’ house and she was forced to return to her father. She wanted to continue her studies on her own, but was blocked by her conservative father’s house. All in all, her relationship with her father gradually became bitter. There is no love, no respect, it is meaningless to lie there, Nanibala understood that at that young age. She left her ancestral home and went on the road.
It is a fire age. With the mantra of liberating the country, the armed revolutionaries have jumped into the battle. They are not reluctant to give their lives for the country. The ‘Gupta Revolutionary Association’ is gradually being formed. Nanibala Devi also decided to join the armed revolution. Amarendra Chattopadhyay who was Nanibala Devi’s nephew and leader of the famous revolutionary of ‘Jugantar Dal’ which was one of the main secret revolutionary trends operating in Bengal for Indian Independence. Nanibala was initiated into the mantra of freedom by his hand. A new chapter of her life has begun. Within a few months, Nanibala became a reliable and active associate of the ‘Gupta Revolutionary Society’. In 1915, after being involved in the work of the country, she was entrusted with the responsibility of getting secret information from revolutionary Ramchandra Majumdar imprisoned in Alipore Jail. Ramchandra Majumdar had a ‘Mauser’ pistol with him when he was arrested. He could not tell the team where he hid it. At that time, the revolutionaries needed heavy weapons. And so, to avoid the eyes of the police Nanibala Devi was sent to meet Ramchandra in the identity of his wife. In those days, it was almost unthinkable for a widow of a Hindu house to wear a fake wife with vermilion on her head and go to jail to evade the strict gaze of the police. No one could even think of getting the job done like this. Nanibala Devi did the impossible with her dexterity.
Even after that, she took different disguises for the safe shelter of the fugitive revolutionaries. By 1915, Amarendra Babu decided to secretly rent a house in Chandan Nagar to shelter the revolutionaries, avoiding the attention of the police. At that time, the house owners did not want to rent the house if there was no family due to the fear of police riots. Nanibala Devi appeared in the role of a housewife in this journey. Fugitive revolutionaries like Jadugopal Mukherjee, Amar Chatterjee, Atul Ghosh, Bholanath Chatterjee, Nalinikanta Kar, Vinay Bhushan Dutta, Bijay Chakraborty were chased by the police and took refuge in her shelter day after day. Nanibala Devi also had the responsibility of collecting information or weapons from them and delivering them to the revolutionaries outside and collecting various supplies from outside and delivering them. All her secret activities were carried out in the dark. Even in disguise in Peshawar, police found her after several days. By the time the British police arrived in Peshawar to arrest her, Nanibala Devi was seriously ill with cholera. The police arrested her and took her to jail in bed ridden condition. After being kept in Peshawar jail for a few days, Nanibala Devi was moved to Kashi jail when she recovered a little.
Unbearable torture on Nanibala Devi started in Kashi shortly after she was brought to jail. Despite torture in various ways, the white officers could not find out a single secret about the revolutionaries. At that time, Bengali officer Jiten Banerjee was the Superintendent of Police of Kashi Jail. Unable to gather information from Nanibala Devi, officer Jiten Banerjee finally chose a terrible inhumane path. On a day two Jamadars took Nanibala Devi to a separate cell on Jiten Banerjee’s orders. The jamadars forced her on to the ground, stripped of all her clothes. A supressed roar of a wounded lioness came out of her mouth when the Jamadars rubbed chili powder on different parts of her body. Nanibala Devi began to scream in anger and she tried to kick with all her might as there was no way for her to move as she was held by the Jamadars.
After spending few days in Kashi jail, she was again moved to Presidency jail. Nanibala Devi completely stopped eating upon arrival at the Presidency Jail. Despite the thousands of efforts of the prison officials and even the district magistrate, she could not be fed a single food. She resembled not a woman, but a small blaze speckled with white. Requests, objections, intimidation, cross-examination all failed. Finally, she agreed to eat on one strange condition which was to have meal only in the hands of ‘Maa Sarada Devi’.
By the year 1919, after spending two years in captivity, Nanibala Devi was released. But where will she go? Nanibala Devi, who is sick and in poor health, has no place to rest her head not even in her own house and also her relatives have moved away long ago. However, knowing that there was nowhere else to go, she returned to her ancestral home. But Nanibala didn’t like her parents either. First of all, the fear of the police, besides being a widow and being a polygamist, staying in a room with another man, going to Peshawar, Nanibala became almost untouchable in the society of that time. Even the people of her own house did not accept her.
Nanibala Devi left the house again in anger and sadness. Her acquaintance the revolutionary organizations were also crushed by the British police. Many colleagues are dead and Some are rotting in jail. In this situation, Nanibala started living in Hooghly by renting a hut with the help of an acquaintance. She used to eat half of her days by cutting thread and cooking. She stopped all contact with the society and her relatives in anger, sadness and humiliation. In the end she made herself a sort of exile. Who was engrossed in the work of the country, devoted herself, no one felt the need to inquire about her in last life. In May 1967, she quietly left forever with much shame. History did not remember her lifelong struggle. Even birthdays and death days are not written on the calendar pages. However, this noble woman will remain forever in the heart of history loving Bengalis.
Written by Diptarka Ghosal, M.sc Ag
In the celestial realms of Hindu mythology, a grand event was unfolding. The great Lord Brahma, the creator of the universe, had decided to perform a ceremonial Yagya at a special place he named “Pushkar.” This sacred location came into existence when a few petals […]
CultureIn the celestial realms of Hindu mythology, a grand event was unfolding. The great Lord Brahma, the creator of the universe, had decided to perform a ceremonial Yagya at a special place he named “Pushkar.” This sacred location came into existence when a few petals of his divine lotus flower fell upon the barren lands of Earth during his deep meditation.
Written by Hrithik Raj, B.Tech (CSE) 2nd Year
Excitement filled the heavens as news spread about the magnificent Yagya organized by Lord Brahma. However, to ensure its success, he needed the presence of his beloved wife, the radiant Goddess Saraswati. He instructed the wise sage Narad Muni to invite Saraswati to the auspicious ceremony.
Narad Muni, known for his musical talents and shrewdness, approached Goddess Saraswati with the invitation. However, Saraswati, equally wise and aware of her worth, politely declined, stating that she would only attend the Yagya if Goddess Lakshmi, Parvati, and Indrani accompanied her. She believed their presence would amplify the divine energies at the event.
Narad Muni rushed back to Lord Brahma to deliver the message. Impatient upon hearing Saraswati’s conditions, Lord Brahma, with his impulsive nature, decided not to wait any longer for her. Instead, he hastily married another Goddess, Gayatri, who was pure, graceful, and worthy of his union. Together, they proceeded with the Yagya, mesmerizing the celestial beings with their divine ceremony. The offerings to the gods, the chants, and the atmosphere were enchanting.
However, fate had other plans. Just as the Yagya was about to conclude, Goddess Saraswati arrived at Pushkar, accompanied by Goddess Lakshmi, Parvati, and Indrani. To her dismay, she found Goddess Gayatri sitting next to Lord Brahma.
Feeling betrayed and hurt by her husband’s actions, Goddess Saraswati’s emotions overwhelmed her. Her anger intensified, and she couldn’t hold back her words. In a moment of despair, she cursed Lord Brahma, declaring that he would never be widely worshipped, and no temples or sacred places would be dedicated to him.
The heavens trembled at the severity of the curse, and the once grand celebration turned somber. Lord Brahma was devastated, realizing the gravity of his impulsive decision. Despite the successful Yagya, the curse cast a shadow on his divine existence.
News of the curse spread like wildfire, reaching all the gods and goddesses, including Lord Shiva, who grew concerned about the balance of the universe and the harmony among the deities. Lord Shiva decided to intervene, calling for a divine assembly and inviting Lord Brahma, Goddess Saraswati, Goddess Gayatri, and the other deities involved.
With his tranquil presence, Lord Shiva diffused the tension and urged everyone to understand the consequences of their actions. Goddess Saraswati regretted her curse, but its damage was done. However, Lord Shiva, in his infinite wisdom, softened its impact. He proclaimed that although Lord Brahma may not be widely worshipped or have grand temples, he would still hold immense significance in the cosmos as the creator of all existence.
From that day onward, Pushkar became a place of deep spiritual importance, where devotees from all over the world gathered to bathe in the sacred lakes and pay homage to the divine energies residing there. Despite the curse, Lord Brahma was revered by a few devoted souls who recognized the profound role he played in the creation of the universe.
The story of Lord Brahma’s Yagya, his impulsive actions, and Goddess Saraswati’s curse became a poignant reminder of the importance of patience, humility, and understanding in the divine realm. It taught the gods and goddesses that even celestial beings were not immune to the consequences of their emotions and decisions.
And so, the universe continued to spin in perfect harmony, with each god and goddess fulfilling their designated roles, imparting eternal lessons of life and spirituality to both heavenly and earthly beings.
The journey of food from the farms to our tables involves a complex and interconnected network known as the agricultural supply chain. In a country like India, where agriculture forms the backbone of the economy, optimizing this supply chain is essential to ensure food security, […]
AgricultureThe journey of food from the farms to our tables involves a complex and interconnected network known as the agricultural supply chain. In a country like India, where agriculture forms the backbone of the economy, optimizing this supply chain is essential to ensure food security, minimize waste, and improve overall efficiency. The Indian agricultural supply chain faces numerous challenges, from inadequate infrastructure to post-harvest losses, hindering its ability to deliver fresh and nutritious produce to consumers. This article explores the importance of enhancing agricultural supply chains in India, the challenges it faces, and the various strategies and innovations aimed at transforming it into a more efficient and sustainable system.The Importance of Efficient Agricultural Supply Chains include the efficient agricultural supply chains are vital for several reasons:
Food Security: India’s large population demands a well-functioning supply chain to ensure a steady and reliable flow of food from the farms to the consumers. Any disruptions or inefficiencies in the supply chain can lead to food shortages and price volatility.
Minimizing Post-Harvest Losses: Post-harvest losses, including spoilage, wastage, and damage during transportation, are significant challenges for the agricultural sector. Improving supply chains can help minimize these losses and increase the availability of food in the market.
Supporting Farmers: A well-designed supply chain can provide better market access and fair prices for farmers, encouraging them to adopt better agricultural practices and invest in productivity-enhancing technologies.
Quality and Safety: A robust supply chain ensures that food products reach consumers in a fresh and safe condition, meeting quality standards and reducing the risk of contamination.
The Indian agricultural supply chain faces several challenges that impact its efficiency and effectiveness which includes:
Inadequate Infrastructure: The lack of proper transportation, storage facilities, and cold chains hampers the smooth movement of agricultural produce from farms to markets. This results in higher transportation costs and post-harvest losses.
Fragmentation and Middlemen: The supply chain is fragmented with numerous intermediaries involved, leading to increased transaction costs for both farmers and consumers. Middlemen often exploit the lack of direct market access for smallholder farmers.
Seasonal Gluts and Price Volatility: The supply chain is susceptible to seasonal gluts and shortages, leading to price volatility for agricultural commodities. Farmers often face price crashes during periods of oversupply.
Limited Market Information: Lack of real-time market information and price transparency makes it challenging for farmers to make informed decisions about when, where, and how to sell their produce.
Inefficient Storage and Handling: Poor storage facilities and handling practices result in spoilage and wastage of perishable commodities.
To address the challenges and enhance the efficiency of the agricultural supply chain in India, various strategies and innovations have been introduced:
Cold Chain Infrastructure: Investment in cold storage facilities and refrigerated transport is crucial for preserving the quality and shelf life of perishable produce, such as fruits, vegetables, and dairy products.
Technology Integration: Adoption of modern technologies, such as Internet of Things (IoT), blockchain, and data analytics, can improve supply chain visibility, traceability, and efficiency.
Farm-to-Fork Initiatives: Establishing farm-to-fork supply chains, where produce is directly sourced from farmers and delivered to consumers, reduces the number of intermediaries, ensuring fair prices for farmers and fresher products for consumers.
Warehousing and Silos: Constructing modern warehousing and silos near production clusters helps in proper storage, preventing wastage, and reducing post-harvest losses.
Market Linkages: Strengthening market linkages between farmers and agri-businesses, retailers, and exporters provides farmers with direct access to markets, cutting out intermediaries and increasing their income.
E-Commerce Platforms: Online marketplaces and e-commerce platforms facilitate direct farmer-consumer interactions, enabling consumers to purchase fresh produce and agri-products directly from the source.
Transportation and Logistics: Improving rural road infrastructure and transportation services ensures smooth and timely movement of agricultural produce from farms to markets.
Knowledge Sharing: Providing farmers with market information, crop advisories, and weather updates through mobile applications and extension services empowers them to make informed decisions.
Several initiatives in India have already showcased the potential impact of enhancing agricultural supply chains:
The National Agricultural Market (eNAM): This online platform connects multiple agricultural markets, allowing farmers to sell their produce across state borders and reducing their dependence on local traders.
The Milk Co-operative Movement: India’s dairy industry, largely driven by cooperatives like Amul, has effectively streamlined the supply chain, providing farmers with fair prices for milk and dairy products while delivering quality products to consumers.
The Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs): These agricultural extension centers have been instrumental in disseminating knowledge and best practices to farmers, empowering them to improve productivity and optimize supply chains.
Enhancing agricultural supply chains in India is imperative for achieving food security, reducing wastage, and supporting the livelihoods of millions of smallholder farmers. By addressing the challenges through innovative solutions and strategic interventions, India can build a more efficient, resilient, and sustainable agricultural supply chain. Collaborative efforts from the government, private sector, farmers’ organizations, and civil society are essential to create an integrated supply chain that benefits all stakeholders, from the farm to the table. With the right investments and reforms, India can unlock the full potential of its agricultural supply chain and secure a more prosperous future for its farmers and consumers alike.